Science Policy Defined

Science policy careers and the variety of responsibilities held by people in those positions are ever expanding making it difficult to explain what a career path might look like or where to begin studying the basics. However, this guide will not only provide insight into what science policy is, but help conceptualize career paths, communication styles, and places in government where science policy professionals are often found.

The term science policy can seem abstract at first, but as described by Neal et al. in “Beyond Sputnik U.S. Science Policy in the 21st Century”, science policy concerns the regulations and rules that guide scientific research (Neal et al. 2008). Additionally, it can be described as the rigorous and complex connections that take place inside and outside government at all levels that will ultimately impact how scientific and technological research is conducted (Neal et al. 2008). 

Science policy is a two-way street where scientists meet lawmakers to discuss topics related to the advancement, regulations, and importance of science in policy. To this extent, the phrases science for policy and policy for science are used to describe this two-way relationship.

1. Science for policy – refers to the process of policymaking that uses critical scientific viewpoints with data to inform and support laws and regulations. An example of this can be seen through the regulation of antibiotics in cattle and food animals as a way to avoid future buildup of antibiotic resistance in humans who eat meat.

2. Policy for science – includes the laws, policies, and regulations that impact how scientific research is practiced as well as the amount of research funding available to scientific laboratories.

Scientists are often thought of as big thinkers that question the world around them, build experiments to test a hypothesis, gather results, analyze data, and publish them into a field-specific journal that may gather the attention of around 100 or so other scientists who are in that field. This pigeonholes incredible science to a limited number of people who could use that knowledge to solve big problems. So to understand what drives scientists into pursuing a career in science policy, let’s take a look at this example of science for policy:

Photo by Taun Stewart on Unsplash
Photo by Taun Stewart on Unsplash

Tonya is a PhD student studying the impacts of native plant species on grassland ecosystems. She loves studying plants and being outdoors, but wants her research to be helpful for rangeland owners to build sustainable ecosystems for future generations of cattle and plants. Tonya reached out to her university’s science policy group to find a way to connect her research to policymakers. With the group, she helped organize a conference where graduate students could directly engage policymakers in their research through poster presentations.Tonya found that the impacts of her research could be stretched farther if she applied them in different fields other than her own, like science policy. She knows that her research could be valuable to help guide policy makers and experts at places like the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to help make rangelands sustainable for the foreseeable future. Tonya is now looking into a future career in science policy after graduate school to continue using her scientific expertise to advise, create, and influence policymaker’s decisions on the environment.

Activity questions

  • What motivates you to engage in science policy? 
  • Can you explain your research in 60 seconds? 
  • What areas of science policy does your research blend into? 

Megan Damico – PhD candidate at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro

As a co-founder of Spartans for Science and Policy at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, my group faced numerous challenges when we first began and continue to face as the group moves forward including:

  1. Membership retention and participation
  2. University support (financial and morale)
  3. Lack of resources to understand science policy topics 

NSPN played a critical role in helping my group become more established by alerting us of new ways to become more involved. I found that the best way to overcome issues with university support or even support from your academic advisor is to show the results of your involvement. So far, my group has teamed up with other North Carolina science policy groups to organize events and become more active on Twitter to  grab more attention from administration and faculty as to what we do. The simple act of tagging our university on social media to brag about the fun activities we’ve been doing has helped promote our work and grow support for our group’s mission. 

To spark interest at your university, hosting events with outcomes that would be helpful for student’s careers could be a way to draw more members into your science policy group. Take for example, a workshop on how-to write an op-ed with a guest speaker who could guide the group through the writing process. The workshop would not only benefit members of your group, but also allow for other students to learn a new communication style for their CV and have the opportunity to publish something in their community.

Membership participation might be a struggle for some groups, but not all. Advertising at your university is key and finding the best platform for this will be specific to your group. It’s also worth mentioning that smaller groups can grow their network by reaching out to nearby science policy groups in your NSPN region to collaborate on projects! 

In addition to having membership retention problems, many of my group’s members, including myself, were new to science policy all together and lacked the foundational information to understand science policy as a whole field. This resource guide will be an essential piece to helping new members in my group become familiar with the language barriers in science policy. As many of us graduates students are in STEM, we already have to worry about the jargon that comes with our respective fields, but this guide can provide new science policy advocates with the tools to understand the basics of science policy and use it as a launchpad to pursue different topics of interest.

  • This resource would not be complete without discussing the innovative and creative ways science policy groups have overcome their challenges. Here are some solutions science policy groups have used to tackle these problems:

Membership retention and growth

  • Smaller meetings surrounding specific topics might help wrangle in straggling group members who cannot always make it to the large group meetings
  •  Create leadership roles or subcommittee positions for members to stay involved in topics they’re directly interested in
  • Craft a survey to give new members at the first meeting of the year to learn what topics, events, and skills group members want to learn more about
Leadership Continuation and Training 
  • To ensure that new group leaders and committee heads are well prepared, consider making a handbook of “how-tos”. Ranging from, “how-to create an event on the group website” to “how-to reserve a room for our meeting”. This handbook can serve as a living document that is easily passed down to new leadership as the group continues to grow
  • If there are members of your group who are unfamiliar with the basics of science policy, host an event on SciPol 101. Breaking down the learning curve to science policy in small webinars/seminars allows for continued attendance and increased group morale!
  • Host a science policy skill workshops (virtually or in-person) on topics like writing an op-ed, policy memo, white papers, or how-to communicate with a lawmaker on science topics
Event Planning and Resources
  • Consider collaborating with science policy groups at different universities to craft an event
  • Here’s a few ideas of events done by NSPN groups:
    • Virtual webinars on writing op-eds with workshop for participants to craft their own piece
    • Webinar lunch series on science policy topics 
    • Attend or plan virtual summits or conferences together with your group 
    • Host a happy hour!
    • Plan a virtual advocacy day with your local and state lawmakers
  • If your group needs more resources to learn about science policy, 1) continue to use these modules to dive into the topic, and 2) check out NSPN’s comprehensive list of books, articles, conferences, and more!

If you are new to science policy and don’t know where to begin, start by exploring the National Science Policy Network Website to see the variety of ways you can become involved. The best way to get your group involved in new science policy activities is by working together with NSPN to write chapter microgrants or professional development funds. This will allow your group to explore events and activities specific to your region that can build your professional science policy repertoire. In addition to working remotely with NSPN on science policy projects, the NSPN National Conference is an excellent way to meet scipol enthusiasts from around the country. At these conferences, attendees are able to engage in critical thinking and professional development exercises with other science policy groups to tackle science policy related issues and solutions for them. 

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